WILLIAM de la MONTAGNE CARY (1840-1922), 1832 Black Hawk War, “Battle of Bad Axe”, engraving by Ernest Heinemann (1848-1912), engraver - New York Public Library, originally published in “Popular history of the United States, from the first discovery of the western hemisphere by the Northmen to the end of the Civil War” (New York: Scribner, c1876-1881).

The Black Hawk War (1832) was a series of skirmishes in 1832 between U.S. Army and frontier militia units against the followers of Sauk Chief Black Hawk. Fought in Illinois and Wisconsin, the war was one of many conflicts between Native Americans and white settlers over western land.